Author Archives: akoss

ATS Case Study: Improving temperature control of Automatic Test Equipment

Lab Equipment
We wrote about “Thermal Management of Testing High Power IC Devices” last week and noted that ATS’s team had been approached to invent a cooling test head for semiconductor test equipment. We thought our readers might like to hear a bit more about that project.

A major semiconductor firm focusing on the network processors approached ATS to consider how improved temperature control of test could be implemented for their existing automatic test equipment test head. ATS proposed to redesign the existing test head to allow for improved processor temperature control during the test cycle. While the project never went forward, the thermal design approach for this kind of thermal challenge is useful to consider.

Semiconductors aren’t likely to get cooler and automatic test equipment needs to be designed to handle the potential extremes in thermal states such components go through during test.

As part of ATS’s evaluation of the project, we discovered that the test head only maintained one fixed temperature and did not compensate for the power being dissipated by the device under test. During the customer’s test, the device power level changes greatly as it cycles; especially at power up the device made a very rapid ramp.

The overall purpose of the test head is to control the processor temperature to a known value with reduced variation, independent of the instantaneous power level. ATS’s proposed two different appraoches to solve the problem of the test head being now required to compensate for the power being dissipated by the device under test.

The first approach suggested was to reduce the thermal mass and decrease the latency in both heating and cooling of the processor. Reducing the thermal mass required a very detailed study on the power signature of the test cycle to anticipate the required cooling (or heating) at a given point of the cycle. ATS felt this method could offer the potential for a tighter control of processor temperatures while requiring more complication control hardware and precise understanding of each test cycle.

A second approach our team suggested was to increase the thermal mass of the system to dampen the temperature variations caused by the power level fluctuations. The increased thermal mass would help to absorb the power impulse levels while keeping the temperature relatively steady through the cycle. The advantage of this approach is that it would require less sophisticated control and monitoring hardware, and not be as process dependant.

Thermal management is a necessary evil (or obsession if you live in our world) and it has to be addressed at many different levels. And this includes the thermal management of test equipment during test.

For more information about Advanced Thermal Solutions, Inc. (ATS) thermal management consulting and design services, visit https://www.qats.com/consulting or contact ATS at 781.769.2800 or [email protected].

Is CPU Cooling best done with a Copper Heatsink or Aluminum Heatsink?

The topic of whether a CPU heat sink should be a copper heat sink or aluminum heat sink comes up in every thermal management design. And the short answer as to which material to use is:

“It depends.”

There are many variables in designing the right heat sink, some of which include:

  • Thermal management cost budget relative to BOM cost
  • Orientation of boards (vertical or horizontal)
  • How much weight or stress can be applied to the target chip
  • How much keep out around a chip exists
  • Air flow to the chip
  • Air flow in and through the system (maybe you don’t need a heat sink at all as noted in an earlier ATS White Paper)
  • Component dimensions
  • Component height
  • Target junction temperature
  • Target case temperature

Let’s just focus on the material question though, copper heatsink vs. aluminum heatsink. Chris Soule, Engineering Director at Thermshield, has done a nice one page write up on the topic. Some of his key points include:

  • Pure copper has about two times the conductivity of aluminum but that inherent advantage is only helpful when
  1. Air Flow speeds are 800 LFM
  2. The hot spot on the CPU or other semiconductor is small in comparison to the size of the chip itself.
  • When air flow is 400 LFM or lower or the hot spot on the CPU or semiconductor is spread throughout the chip, then Aluminum is a better choice.
  • The cost of a copper heat sink is often up to three times the equivalent sized aluminum heat sink

In our labs here at ATS, we’ve found that if an aluminum heatsink by itself does not have the necessary thermal condutivity, then using phase change thermal interface material (such as those listed in our Thermal Interface Roundup Post) with the proper pressure applied can make the difference in cooling.

So which do you use? Copper or Aluminum? It depends on the variables noted including your budget. One thing is for sure, there is no clear, one sized fits all answer and the thermal engineer should carefully decide. Hopefully before the electrical design is complete!

LED Heatsink from ATS Designed Specifically to Cool Higher Power, Surface Mount LED Lighting

LED Heat Sinks

ATS Star LED heat sinks provide thermal management for high-powered LED systems. (Advanced Thermal Solutions, Inc.)

Advanced Thermal Solutions, Inc. (ATS) offers their LED heat sink family, the Star Series of heat sinks, designed specifically for the thermal management of higher power, surface mount power LED lighting. High temperatures not only degrade an LED’s lifetime, but also result in lower light or non-uniform output effects that can significantly affect their application. The 32 new Star heat sinks provide enhanced conductive heat transfer for effective LED cooling without fans or blowers. Cooling performance in the series reaches more than 60 K at up to 16 Watts of power dissipation.

All Star heat sinks are aluminum heat sinks in a cylindrical shape that fits common LED lamp applications. Their cooling fins are arrayed in a round, star-like cross section that optimizes thermal performance through radiative cooling to the local air flow. A flat surface at one end of the heat sink provides a base for direct mounting of LEDs.

Integral threads on the base perimeter allow attachment of brackets and other hardware. All standard sizes are available with an inner thread for convenient attachment of LED lens mounts. ATS Star heat sinks are available in 25, 45, 50 and 75 mm (0.98, 1.77, 1.96 and 2.95 inches) lengths with a standard diameter of 45 mm (1.77 inches).

Each heat sink features a black anodized finish that provides corrosion resistance, electrical insulation, and improved thermal management performance. All heat sinks within the series are RoHS compliant. Unit pricing for Star Series LED cooling solutions start at less than $8.00 in production quantities.

Visit STAR LED Heat Sinks Page to see the entire family or for more information email ATS sales at [email protected] or call 1-781-769-2800.

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Thermal Computations for Electronic Equipment by Gordon Ellison

At our webinar we broadcast today live from our studios here in Norwood, MA, “Analytical, Computational and Experimental Thermal Analysis of a xTCA Chassis” we mentioned Gordon Ellison as a resource for thermal modeling equations. We wanted to follow up with how to find his material.

Gordon’s book, “Thermal Computations for Electronic Equipment” can be purchased from Amazon.

You can also find an article written by Gordon on “Fan cooled enclosure analysis using a first order method” at Cooling Zone.

How to Understand Fan Curves and Optimum Operating Points


Fans, or other air movers, are a critical part of any system level thermal management solution. There are cases where a fan is not preferred, such as in medical equipment (see our earlier post on that topic here), some military applications and in some consumer applications. And, fans do present the unwanted chance of mechanical failure being introduced into a system.

In a white paper written by ebmpapst, they note that:

Fans create a flow of air, which they can then force through equipment that needs cooling. The necessary output is determined from the flow rate and the required static pressure. If the airflow through the equipment is restricted to any great extent by built-in components or bends and junctions, then this will lead to a loss of pressure; the fan will try to compensate for this by an increase in the static pressure, though the fan will have to work harder than in free air operation. The characteristic curve of the fan gives precise information about the flow rate at specific static pressures.

Understanding these curves is critical and ebmpapst has a good, introductory white paper to help you understand them. You can get your copy of their quick and useful read by clicking:  Fan Curves and Optimum Operating Points.